DNA ndi chiyani?

Mapangidwe a DNA ndi Mawonekedwe

DNA, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti deoxyribonucleic acid, ndi molekyu, yomwe ndi mulu wa maatomu ogwirizana. Pankhani ya DNA, maatomu amenewa amaphatikizidwa kupanga mpangidwe wa makwerero aatali ozungulira. Tikhoza kuona chithunzichi momveka bwino kuti tizindikire mawonekedwe a DNA.

Ngati munaphunzirapo za biology, mwina munamvapo kuti DNA ndi njira yopangira zinthu zamoyo. Kodi padziko lapansi pangakhale bwanji molekyu ngati pulani ya chinthu chovuta komanso chodabwitsa monga mtengo, galu ndi anthu? Ndizodabwitsa kwambiri.

DNA ndi imodzi mwamalangizo apamwamba kwambiri. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe mungasungire buku lomwe mudagwiritsapo ntchito. Bukhuli lonse la malangizo limalembedwa mu code. Ngati muyang'ana kwambiri kapangidwe kakemikolo ka DNA, iwonetsa midadada inayi yomangira. Timatcha maziko a nayitrogeni awa: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), ndi Cytosine (C). DNA imaphatikizaponso magulu a shuga ndi phosphate (opangidwa ndi phosphorous ndi mpweya). Izi zimapanga msana wa phosphate-deoxyribose.

Ngati mukuganiza za kapangidwe ka DNA ngati makwerero, makwerero a makwerero amapangidwa kuchokera ku maziko a nayitrogeni. Maziko awa amalumikizana kuti apange sitepe iliyonse ya makwerero. Amangophatikizananso mwanjira inayake. (A) nthawi zonse amalumikizana ndi (T) ndi (G) nthawi zonse amakhala ndi (C). Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri ikafika nthawi yokopera DNA yonse kapena mbali yake.

Ndiye kuti tiyankhe funsoli, kodi DNA n’chiyani? DNA ndi mapulaneti a zinthu zamoyo. DNA imapanga RNA, ndipo RNA imapanga mapuloteni, ndipo mapuloteni amapitiriza kupanga zamoyo. Njira yonseyi ndi yovuta, yovuta komanso yamatsenga ndipo imachokera ku chemistry yomwe imatha kuphunziridwa ndikumveka.

Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji DNA Fragment?

MONGA tinanena kuti DNA imatha kuphunziridwa ndi kumveka, koma tingachite bwanji zimenezi? Asayansi amaphunzira ndikufufuza ndikufufuza. Anthu amagwiritsa ntchito gel electrophoresis kuti alekanitse DNA kuti apitirize kufufuza. Gel electrophoresis ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa zidutswa za DNA (kapena ma macromolecules ena, monga RNA ndi mapuloteni) kutengera kukula ndi mtengo wawo. Electrophoresis imaphatikizapo kuyendetsa madzi kudzera mu gel osakaniza omwe ali ndi mamolekyu okondweretsa. Kutengera ndi kukula kwake ndi mtengo wake, mamolekyuwa amadutsa mu gel osakaniza mbali zosiyanasiyana kapena pa liwiro losiyana, kuwalola kuti apatulidwe wina ndi mnzake. Pogwiritsa ntchito electrophoresis, tikhoza kuona kuchuluka kwa zidutswa za DNA zomwe zilipo mu chitsanzo komanso kukula kwake kwachibale.

Ngati mukufuna kupanga gel electrophoresis, choyamba muyenera zida zoyesera zogwirizana, selo la electrophoresis (thanki / chipinda) ndi mphamvu zake. Chithunzi chotsatira chikuwonetsa chopingasa electrophoresis selo (thanki / chipinda) chitsanzoChithunzi cha DYCP-31DNndi mphamvu yopereka chitsanzoDYY-6Dkuchokera ku Beijing Liuyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd ya DNA gel electrophoresis.

Gel electrophoresis imaphatikizapo gel osakaniza, omwe ali ngati zinthu za Jello. Ma gels olekanitsa DNA amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri agarose, omwe amabwera ngati ma flakes owuma, a ufa. Pamene agarose yatenthedwa mu nkhokwe (madzi okhala ndi mchere) ndikuloledwa kuziziritsa, imapanga gel olimba, squishy pang'ono. Pamlingo wa mamolekyulu, gel osakaniza ndi matrix a mamolekyu a agarose omwe amalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi ma hydrogen bond ndikupanga tinthu ting'onoting'ono.

Chithunzi chochokera ku Khan Academy

Mukamaliza kukonza gel osakaniza, ikani gel osakaniza mu thanki ya electrophoresis cell, ndikuthira madzi otsekemera mu thanki yotchinga mpaka kumizidwa gel osakaniza. Kenako zitsanzo za DNA zimayikidwa m'zitsime (zolowera) kumapeto kwa gel, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi imayikidwa kuti iwakokere mu gel. Zidutswa za DNA zimayimbidwa molakwika, motero zimapita ku electrode yabwino. Chifukwa zidutswa zonse za DNA zimakhala ndi mtengo wofanana pa kulemera kwake, tizidutswa tating'onoting'ono timadutsa mu gel mofulumira kuposa zazikulu. Pambuyo poyendetsa gel electrophoresis, zidutswa za DNA zalekanitsidwa; ndipo ochita kafukufuku amatha kufufuza gel osakaniza ndikuwona kukula kwa magulu omwe amapezekapo. Gelisi ikadetsedwa ndi utoto womangirira DNA ndikuyika pansi pa kuwala kwa UV, zidutswa za DNA zimawala, zomwe zimatilola kuwona DNA ikupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana kutalika kwa gel.

Kupatula ma cell electrophoresis (matangi/zipinda) ndi zida zamagetsi, Beijing Liuyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd imaperekanso UV transilluminator, yomwe imatha kuwona ndikujambula zithunzi zama protein ndi DNA electrophoresis gel. ChitsanzoWD-9403Bndi kunyamula UV transilluminator kuona DNA electrophoresis gel osakaniza. ChitsanzoWD-9403Famatha kuwona, kujambula zithunzi zama protein ndi DNA gel.